Marketing Strategy College Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Marketing Strategy College - Essay Example These products will be marketed with unique capabilities and innovative designs that would differentiate it from its competitors. The products would be positioned as a highly differentiated product that adds value to the customers. The high-technology market is very much competitive with existing rivalry between successful companies such as Apple, Hewlett-Packard and Dell. Each company desires leadership in the market and utilizes aggressive marketing strategies in order to position their products as the preferred product in the technology market. EJ's Innovation and More will be playing in the same market and would compete with these companies. The company aims to market its desktops and laptops in all the fifty states of United States and its territories. It is the goal of the company to penetrate the US market and acquire its share. The high-technology market can be segmented according to the different operating variables of the customers and their buying behavior. The table below summarizes the segmentation in the technology market. The end-users are mostly working in technology professions. The customers are made up of commercial artists, designers and creators. They are interested in the number of capabilities and the latest developments in computing. They are innovators who look for new ways to produce better service in their profession. They buy value-added computers at par with the value for their money. Pioneers (Secondary Target Segment of EJ's Innovation & More) The end-users are lured by friendly design of the product, technical support and reassurance from marketers. The customers are made up of high-tech managers and their assistants. They want computers that satisfy their need for status but are easy to use. Companies mostly purchase their computers. Skeptics The end-users have few motivations with few inhibitions to adopt technologies. The customers are made up of home producers and parents who prefer computers that can be used for a variety of purposes and are not highly priced. Paranoids The end-users should be offered high levels of reassurance about the safety and security of technologies. The customers are mostly businesses that deal with sensitive materials such as banks and government agencies. Laggards The end-users may be reached out by being offered streamlined and easy-to-use offerings. The customers are mostly modern students who prefer economical packages. Service Quality Joseph Juran, a quality management guru, emphasized the role of management and stressed the definition of good quality as satisfying customer requirements and demand (Beckford, 2002). In service quality, the perception of the customer is ultimately the measurement of quality such that measuring customer satisfaction is the most common method of determining quality. However, the issues which determine customer satisfaction are varied and are often affected with the mood of the customer as with the provision of service (Rowbotham, Galloway, & Azhashemi, 2007). The customers tend to evaluate service quality through personal comparison with what they expect against what they perceive and experience. Several factors can influence

Understanding Curriculum and Professional Issues Essay Example for Free

Understanding Curriculum and Professional Issues Essay This assignment will explore current views on professionalism in the Lifelong Learning Sector in the UK, and will make particular reference to the impact of professional status on teachers in the Further Education (FE) sector. The paper will examine current policy before going on to discuss; professionalism, continued professional development (CPD), the importance of reflective practice as a professional attribute and impact on teaching. The assignment will also discuss own personal development making reference to subject specialism. Finally professionalism in the sector will be evaluated. Historically Further Education (FE) Colleges were once far removed from the terms ‘professional’ and ‘academic’ and as Spencely (2006 pg 292) reminds us, â€Å"student learning in FE was definitely positioned in the arena of practical skills based training rather than education, this emphasis on training, rather than education, has led a number of commentators to question the existence of the profession of ‘educator’ or ‘teacher’ in the further education sector†. However, FE is now an integral part of the education system and plays a key role in supporting the professional development of teachers in the sector. Even with the ongoing drive to up skill FE lecturers with teacher training qualifications, those in FE appear to be in a continuous flux where recognition of professional status is concerned. Katz, cited in Avis et al highlights this when he states â€Å"Few professionals talk as much about being professional as those whose professional stature is in doubt†. (2009 pg 75) FE has struggled to be recognised as professional, this may be because the majority of teaching practitioners in FE are from a vocational rather than academic background. Currently FE teachers operate within a system of duel professionalism† (Davies 2006) meaning that they have vocational expertise and have gained teacher training qualifications in order to develop as a professional. However, according to Gray and Griffin, â€Å"professionalism of FE has never been homogeneous or particularly well formed in the FE sector† and it lacks the professional culture found in the schools (2000 pg 238). It may be that what Gray fails to acknowledge is the FE sector is not the school sector and it should therefore be different. Since September 2001, it has been a requirement that all teachers in FE colleges should have, or be working towards, a nationally recognised teaching qualification. The original national standards on which such qualification was based were drawn up by the Further Education National Training Organisation (FENTO). In order to receive FENTO endorsement, bodies such as the City and Guilds London Institute (CGLI), which at the time awarded a range of sector-specific teaching qualifications, were required to ensure that the content and outcomes of their teaching qualifications conformed to these national standards. Only teachers with a FENTO endorsed qualification were deemed to meet the national requirement for the profession. As the result of a government policy change, the national training organisations, including FENTO, were replaced by sector skills councils, and responsibility for managing the national standards and endorsing qualifications for teachers in the Lifelong Learning Sector (LLS) was taken over in January 2005 by Standards and Verification UK (SVUK), the standards and verification arm of Lifelong Learning UK (LLUK). This body, which is also responsible for the professional development of teachers in work-based learning and higher education, brought out a revised set of national standards in 2007 following a lengthy period of consultation. These are known as Qualified Teacher Learning and Skills (QTLS) standards; and it is now a requirement that all teachers in the sector, whether full-time or part-time, must have, or be working towards QTLS. This can be achieved by a number of routes, including SVUK-endorsed higher education programmes such as the Certificate of Education (Cert Ed), the Postgraduate or Professional Graduate Certificates in Education (PGCE) The Institute for Learning (IFL) are the driving force behind seeking professional recognition for teachers in FE. The chief executive of the IFL recently announced a major development for the IFL, commenting on Professor Alison Wolf’s recommendation that FE teachers with QTLS should be recognised as qualified to teach in schools. Secretary of state for education, Michael  Gove, has accepted recommendations from the Wolf Report clarifying that there is a need to â€Å"allow qualified further education lecturers to teach in school classrooms on the same basis as qualified school teachers†. (Goodman, 2011) The Association of Teachers and Lecturers (ATL) supports the drive to professionalise FE lecturers and states that â€Å"The inescapable conclusion is that it is now time for the Qualified Lecturer Status (QLS) to be replaced by the qualified teacher status (QTS), as the benchmark of teacher professionalism in FE colleges. It is time for lecturers to become teachers.† (ATL, 2011) Although this appears to be progression we could argue that this could be deemed more as compliance with an accepted view of what teacher professionalism is, whereas FE should be viewed as professional and the role of QLS should carry with it professional status. However, when considering current thinking on professionalism in teaching Pollard summarises that good teaching â€Å"requires a large number of implicit and often instantaneous judgements and decisions† often shaped by the ‘community of practice’ to which we belong†. (Pollard, 2010 pg 5) This takes account of classroom management, including relationships, positive learning environments and the ability to be creative and innovative. The ‘Teaching Learning Research Project’s’ ten principles of effective teaching, which form the basis of professionalism in the teaching sector, highlight a set of principles which are evident within the FE sector, clearly demonstrating (from my viewpoint) equity with the school sector. There are a number of issues around the concept of professionalism and obviously meaning here can and will differ according to ones profession. In order to define professionalism we must also consider that interpretation will differ dependent on perspective. Professionalism generally involves both characteristics of self and those of organisations. Professional organisations will have a set of values which will be reflected in working practices in line with ethical standards. However, irrelevant of organisation teacher professionalism is a significant factor as it affects the role of the teacher and their pedagogy, which in turn affects student ability to learn effectively. Teacher professionalism should contain the essential characteristics of, competence, performance, and conduct, all of  which should reflect the goals, abilities, and standards of the organisation for whom we work, and should impact on teaching through the development of these qualities. External drivers such as government policy will and do impact on the status of FE lecturers and along with the recognition of ‘Qualified Teacher Status’ (QTS) will no doubt come even more rigorous inspection of both student and lecturer achievement. The FE sector has continued to grow and in order to support; growth, the shift in education delivery from educators to Government control, and to meet the demands of Sector Skills Councils, the development of professionalism will continue to be a key focus. However, in order to develop this professionalism Hargreaves, reminds us that the existence of a top down education system with limited pay and over standardisation will result in a paradoxical profession. Hagreaves states â€Å"The paradox in the professional life of teachers is illustrated by the co-existence of two seemingly contradictory trends in the development of the teaching profession: standardization of teaching and antipathy to teachers’ professionalization, on the one hand, and higher professional standards and greater professionalism, on the other†. (2000 pg 11) In 2004 LLUK began the process of developing new professional teaching standards for the FE system, in line with the requirements of; Government, Sector Skills Councils, regulatory authorities, awarding organisations and providers. Bill Rammell, Minister of State for Lifelong Learning, emphasises the importance of professionalism in teaching, Rammel states, â€Å"I believe these standards will contribute greatly to improving quality in teaching, training and learning across the further education system, and provide a key part of the infrastructure that will support the professionalisation of the workforce†. (LLUK, undated) However, this may also create a more rigorous evaluation of teaching standards, as teachers in FE become more qualified, as mentioned previously, expectations will also rise. The new professional teaching standards, with emphasis on specialist subject knowledge, will benefit FE in terms of quality, more importantly it will also provide a better learning experience for students, which when we consider professionalism must be our first concern . However, Avis (2009 pg 76) makes  the point that current thinking on developing professionalism, specifically when considering the detail and length of standards, that â€Å" LLUK standards are in contrast to the equivalent single page of broad statements that cover higher education† the same here applies to schools, it could therefore be suggested that the definition of professional in the FE sector is â€Å"more restricted and prescriptive than in other areas of education† (Avis, 2009 pg 77) This may also apply to continued professional development (CPD) in the FE sector. CPD is increasingly seen as an essential driver in raising the standards of teaching and learning in post-16 education and training. Requirements and processes have been set in place by LLUK and IFL to ensure that every teacher engages in CPD, meaning any activity undertaken for the purpose of; updating knowledge of subjects or developing teaching skills. However, CPD has also become a contentious subject, mainly due to interpretation at organisational level and the associated funding costs of ensuring CPD is beneficial to the lecturer. The IFL requires a commitment from all teachers to 30 hrs CPD per year, upon which teachers reflect, and draw on; learning which takes place, how this is shared and how it supports both one’s own development and outcomes for learners. CPD has been under scrutiny of late with concerns raised over the quality of CPD and whether it is meeting the needs of the individual or organisations. Trorey (2002 pg 2) defines CPD as â€Å"institutional development† which is aimed at improving a whole organisation, often described as â€Å"staff development† and â€Å"professional development† which involves â€Å"pedagogic knowledge and subject expertise†. It could be argued that CPD should encompass a whole organisation culture yet still support the development of pedagogic expertise, which defines the FE sector from the school sector, as the IFL remind us, â€Å"teaching practitioners engage in various forms of professional development throughout their careers, but that often this goes unrecorded†. (Davies, 2006) Here again we can see the influence of the IFL in the drive to support the development of professionalism in the FE sector. However, irrelevant of contention, where CPD is concerned, a commitment to continually update both knowledge and skills of one’s subject specialism and teaching expertise is essential if we  wish to viewed as professionals. Teachers in FE have a great deal of autonomy in their teaching as they are deemed to be experts in their field, therefore professionalism is an essential attribute. CPD should support the development of that expertise. Gray et al (2000 pg 25) states that â€Å"the professional is someone who is continuously developing his or her underpinning knowledge through reflection on their own (and others’) practice†. Therefore the ability to reflect is imperative as without this essential tool we cannot be viewed as professional. Reflection can be viewed as a process of thinking and improving your professional skills and it allows us to focus on positive aspects of practice and build on them. It also helps us to identify areas for improvement. Schon (1983) defines reflective practice as â€Å"thoughtfully considering your own experiences in applying knowledge to practice†. In essence reflective practice means learning from experience, it is therefore an essential element of teaching and supports CPD. Boud et al (1985) defines reflective practice as â€Å"an activity in which people recapture their experience, think about it, mull it over and evaluate it†. As simplistic as this may sound, reflecting on experience in order to improve requires a level of objectivity in reference to your teaching practice. Therefore unless we are willing to fully partake in reflective practice we may fail to grasp opportunities to improve both our own performance and the learning experience for our students. Clouder (2000) supports this view when he states â€Å"in its broadest sense, reflective practice involves critical analysis of everyday working practices to improve competence and professional development†. Practitioners must ensure that time is set aside to think about our teaching practice in order to evaluate it and make changes where necessary. However, it could be argued here that this relies on a whole organisation culture, as without time set aside by your organisation this could result in even more unpaid work than is already expected. Reflection should therefore be an integral aspect of professional teaching practice. The very nature of education requires teachers to be open to change, as the sector is under continuous pressure to improve outcomes for learners. This compounds the need for reflective practice for teachers, learners and whole organisations. Reflective practice encourages; the sharing of good practice, learning from the experience of others, it can support the planning process and overall encourages collaborative working to the benefit of all involved. Barriers to change exist in all aspects of society and reflective practice is viewed by many as a ‘questioning of their practice’ and some teachers struggle with this concept. However, barriers are often self imposed or they may originate from the culture of organisations, who may themselves have pre-conceived ideas about reflection, which in itself is often a barrier. In the drive to gain professional recognition in the FE sector we must embrace reflective practice as a tool for improvement and progression. Throughout the course we have been introduced to a number of models of reflection such as Schon’s (1983) â€Å"reflection in action† and â€Å"reflection on action†, Kolb’s (1984) learning cycle and Phil Race (2005) ‘ripples’ approach, all of which have been useful in supporting the development of reflective practice. Races (2005) ‘ripples’ model is based on the assumption that the best way to learn is by doing. This is a principle which supports both my specialism and teaching practice, as I firmly believe that students require hands on experiences before moving on to more abstract learning. When reflecting on my own practice, specifically when working with 16-18year olds, this has become evident. Reflective practice requires an open mind, hard work and deep understanding of the benefits in leading to improvements in practice and outcomes. It is only through undergoing a process of reflection and evaluation that we are able to make reasoned judgements about our teaching practice. CPD should be viewed as an ongoing process that; improves capabilities, helps to determine own learning needs and helps us to acquire new skills and abilities. Education in its many forms is a big responsibility and teachers should maintain professional standards as required by the sector, as  ultimately it will help us to gain professional credibility. There are many types of CPD which can be accessed such as, formal training, research, in house training, mentoring and further academic study. Undertaking the ‘Certificate in Education’ has helped me to develop in my role as a teacher, and also to recognise the importance of teaching qualifications. Having come into teaching from a subject specialism background I can clearly see the benefits of CPD in enhancing my teaching abilities and skills, therefore, in order to continue my professional journey my aim will be to achieve QTLS and possibly progress onto the BA in Education and Professional Development.

Careful Media Selection Contributes to a Successful Campaign for British Airways :: Business Management Studies

Careful Selection of Media Contributes to a Successful Campaign for British Airways Within BA they understand that the most powerful tool to getting a persuasive message across is through media advertisement, media advertisement allows BA’s message to capture wide audiences depending which type of media it is. The media can contribute mass target audiences which is very useful for objectives like increasing customers and capturing wider target groups this means in other words getting BA’s message across to wide range of the population. Depending on the type of media advertisement enables BA to get recognized as well as lets the public know about their activities, but different media has different effects and can attract certain people this means in other words the contribution of the different media has certain results like for example when advertising in a sports magazine the message gets to that magazines audiences which might be 18 – 35 healthy living individuals. By using different and more than one advertising media helps the company to attract different and wider target groups, which will then help them to get a successful campaign through effectively communicating to their target groups. There are different types of advertisement media that companies use to communicate to their customers and potential customers, each of the different types of media has an advantage which can help promotional campaigns to be more accurate in getting messages across to target groups. The different advertisement medias are: Â · Newspaper advertisements – this type of advertisement contributes to a campaign a clear message whether it is through an image or simple text, it helps promotional campaigns to reach newsreaders depending on the type of newspaper (local, or national). A local newspaper enables the BA to communicate to local residents readers this means in other words through local newspapers this advertisement method helps BA’s promotional campaign to get publicity within the city or local residents. National newspaper like for example The Sun gets the message across to wider readers across UK to see BA’s advertisement. Newspaper media advertisement attracts readers such as older generation because they tend to read more than the younger generation. Â · TV advertisement – for BA this is the most effective way of advertisement and getting the message across to wider target groups, this methods contributes to the success of promotional campaign a visual expression of BA’s services by using color and live motion advertisement. This methods enables the individual person who is watching a description of the service that BA is advertising and visual features which might be appealing. The different audiences can be targeted through careful planning of what channel to advertise

Personal development planning Essay

I am 24 years old and married to my husband Paul we live in Maybole in a two bedroom cottage. I left school at 16 with standard grade level English, maths, history, French and music. My first job was in a nursing home it was then I realised how much I enjoyed working in care and caring for people. I worked in the nursing home for 2 years then left to be an activity’s co-ordinator in a day care centre in Prestwick where I would plan daily activity’s and outings for clients who came for respite day-care the centre sadly closed down after 3 years. I found a part time job in a local pub but I didn’t enjoy it as much as caring I worked in the pub for 2 years until I found a job working for a homecare company I enjoyed but found the hours unsociable it was then I decided to apply for college. I applied for N.C social care and was placed on the reserved list due to the course being full then a week after the course started I got a phone call to start. I attended college from September to june working threw my course studying and passed all my exams. I also attended a work placement at Hansel village respite cabin which I enjoys working with the clients as id never worked with adults with learning difficulties. I was offered a permanent job with Hansel after I left but sadly couldn’t take the job offer up as I had applied to do HNC and Hansel could only offer me 30 hours per week. Whilst doing my NC I enjoyed the subject mental health and decided then that I would like to become a mental health nurse. My hopes are that I graduate with my HNC and can apply to university and get a degree. Step 2: Broad objective – where am I going next? Whilst completing this unit in Personal Development Planning, I have opted to focus on the following area of development my ability to write reports and essays having done an N.C in social care last year I had to do a few reports and essays and realised that I don’t structure them properly this is something I need to practice and develop my skills and abilities in doing this. I would like to progress and graduate from college with my HNC in social care and apply to university of the west of Scotland and do a degree in mental health nursing and work in a psychiatric hospital. Further development of core/key skills Step 3: Self appraisal Personal skills, qualities and contexts Core skill Evaluation Evidence to support evaluation Communication Good When doing an NC in social care one of the tasks I had to do was a presentation in front of the class I became really nervous and didn’t make a lot of eye contact. This is something I would like to work at and concentrate on in the future when delivering presentations. Numeracy Poor Numeracy was apart of my NC course last year and I failed two attempts at an exam working out percentages and doing box plots but I find with extra studying and breaking it down I can complete some numeracy tasks. IT Average I received a standard grade for admin at school this gave me some knowledge on IT skills. On my college course last year I done IT at a higher level where I was shown how to use different search engines and how to type up reports essays and save my work. Problem solving Poor When faced with situations I tend to panic rather than look for solutions to  resolve problems. I feel this is something I can develop in. Working with others Good Threw my recent jobs as a carer, bar maid, activity’s coordinator I have had to work as part of a team to deliver my work and do the best in my job. I also work with others at college to do research on my subjects this is something I enjoy doing. Personal qualities I am a hard working reliable individual. With an NC in social care this has given me a wide knowledge of sociology, psychology and helped me realise my own personal values and principles. I have developed my caring practical skills threw working in in many different care aspects and work placements. I am an honest and trustworthy person who enjoys working as part of team and also on my own initiative. Knowledge and understanding I have a wide knowledge of care and an understanding of my own personal values and principles that I try and introduce when caring for individuals with different needs. I also have a basic knowledge of sociology and try to have an understanding in which way society works. And my basic knowledge of psychology helps me understand peoples behaviours. Technical skills I feel my technical skills can be worked on and developed threw out this course. Threw work and work placements I have a basic knowledge on moving and handling. I also have basic computing skills. Contexts, other factors to consider Step 4: Setting personal objectives Personal objectives — prior to interview with tutor Short-term (this year) I hope to pass my course and gain my HNC in social care. I also hope to gain knowledge and develop new skills threw out the year in all aspects of social care and on college work placement. Medium-term (next year) I hope to be able to apply to university and have enough qualifications and skills and to be able to stay focused on my work and my short and long term goals to be achievable. Long-term I hope to have gained a degree in mental health nursing and be in a job I enjoy doing that helps me stay motivated.

School play – “Heroin Lies”

Drugs and the use of drugs is a common problem with young people in society. The two productions I will be comparing in this essay both run on the theme of drugs. Our play performed in class is called â€Å"Heroin Lies† and this will be compared to â€Å"Junk† a book and then tv programme also running on the theme of drugs. â€Å"Heroin Lies† the play was written by Wayne Denfhy in 1991, compared to â€Å"Junk† written by Melvin Burgess in 1996, and as research I read the original book as I felt it would help me to compare to â€Å"Heroin Lies†. In our performance of â€Å"Heroin Lies† I play the part of ‘David' who is the father of heroin addict Vicky. I had to take up the role as a strict father who wanted his family to be strong and was very dissapointed in his daughter Vicky when she admitted to taking the drugs, however he shares a mutual respect with his other child Jason, who also featured in out perfomance. I watched and read some shows and books to try and find different aspects of fatherhood to make my perfomance spot on, I also made diagrams of my character and would write different aspects of their life around the diagram to try and get to know the part I would be taking up and thei characteristics. To help me in my work I looked for information in many different places, such as the library where I would read books on heroin so that I would feel knowledgeble to the work we were studying. I also went onto the internet and watched tv programmes where I would be able to watch a performance by an actor playing a Dad that could enhance my performance as I would try and learn the way the actors I watched would move and talk etc. In addition to this I would also watch the actions of my own dad to see if any of his characteristics would help me when rehearsing for the part of David. To help me with undertand â€Å"Junk† I read the book as research for more background information on the story and characters. â€Å"Heroin Lies† is basically a story of a normal family getting pulled apart and ruined down to the daughter ‘Vicky' taking heroin. The four main parts are David (Father, played by myself), Jean (Mother), Jason (Son, brother of Vicky) and Vicky (Daughter and heroin addict). As the plot continues throughout the play, Vicky ends up dying at the end,this saddening the auidience and most notably the three remaining members of the family. The play targets drugs and young people just givig into them, â€Å"Teenage pressures†¦ that the excuse eh?† (David, scene 15). Throughout the play, family arguments, monologues all add to the theme of drugs as they are mainly arguments about how Vicky has let the family down. Another key theme is the one of giving in, as thats how Vicky takes the heroin in the first place as she gives into her friend Mandy. â€Å"Junk† is alike to â€Å"Heroin lies† in many ways, its also a story of drug abuse and young people giving in and getting addicted to heroin. Its set in Bristol in the 1980's. Its a story of young lovers Tar and Gemma both running away from home to live together but end up with drug users who get the two of them into drugs such as heroin. Tar is very different to Vicky and Gemma as his parents dont really care that he has left and wouldnt care to find out he does drugs, whereas Vicky and Gemma both has protective paresnts that are devasted to find out that their daughters do drugs, although Gemma's dont really ever find out. Again like â€Å"Heroin lies† Gemma starts drugs down to peer pressure and giving into friends, â€Å"I got something in here that might change your mind† – Tar says to Gemma as he waits to give her a cigarette. Our performance is set in the present day, compared to â€Å"Junk† which was set in the 80's. I feel that the 20 year gap between the two productions is hard to tell as drugs have been, and always will be a danger to society and in both we can feel the dangers of heroin taking and the affect its having on characters such as Gemma, Tar and Vicky. Some characters are alkie to one another on both plays, in â€Å"Heroin Lies† Vicky is alike to the part of Gemma from â€Å"Junk†, I think this is because they are around the same age, they both gave in to taking heroin and they are both from working class families who are bitterly dissapointed in them becoming drug addicts. Also its evident that in both plays the father roles played by David in â€Å"Heroin Lies† and the father in â€Å"Junk† are alike as they both command the relationships with their wives and they are both feeling that they are in control of the situations regarding Vicky's drug problem, and Gemma running away from home, although really neither of them have any control in the matter whatsoever â€Å"He asked you to stay out all night with him!† (Gemma's father to Gemma when she tells of how she wated to stay out with Tar). Many of the viewers may be able to relate to the parts of Vicky, Gemma, Tar, Jason David, Jean etc, as they too may have been in a similiar situaion. This shows how effective a play can be with this sort of relevance and social histroical content. The members of our performance are all young and we cn relate to the arguments with the parents, therefore making it a lot easier to act as we can relate to real life issues. This may be alike to the actors and actresses in the tv programme of â€Å"Junk† as they were around the same age as the people in my group and myself. The theme of drugs and heroin usage is a strong theme to use as a stimulas in our performance and the original of the book and play. In our play we used many theartre skills to master the script we were given. We have used real life issues from our own lives to use in the performance as we feel that it would give us a better understanding of the words we were saying, this meaning better acting, giving off a better performance to the audience. I used research from the internet as did other member of the group. Mainly used for the work on our characterisations. We have used props and we have rehearsed our stage direrctions to perfection so that it symblises real family life yet letting the audience see all of the characters and their emotions clearly. Also we used monlogues and hot seating where people would ask us questions and we would answer in character, this helped us and the fellow memebers of the group understand each character with a better undertsanding. In conclusion comapring my groups peformance of â€Å"Heroin Lies† and the book â€Å"Junk† I feel that they share many similarities and few and far between differeces. The main themes and characters were alike in both productions, even the storylines had its similairites! I have learnt a lot from this whole experience, I learnt not only about heroin and the usage and affect it can have on families, but I learnt how to put that into a performance. Its been a great experience overall, and I have enjoyed working on this project a lot! Also out of it I have read two very interesting different pieces of work, that have left an everlasting impression on me.

Advances In Biomedical Science And Technology Science Essays

Advances In Biomedical Science And Technology Science Essays Advances In Biomedical Science And Technology Science Essay Advances In Biomedical Science And Technology Science Essay Due to the progresss in biomedical scientific discipline and engineering, mammalian cloning has, in the last 13 old ages, become executable. This first came to the populace s attending with the promotion environing the creative activity of Dolly the sheep in 1997. Through the procedure of HSCNT ( Human Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer ) , 100s of mammalian beings have been cloned and carried to term. However, the procedure is by no agencies perfect as non merely do legion embryos fail, but many of those Borns have important birth defects, some of which merely come to visible radiation subsequently in development. To this day of the month, no successful human reproductive cloning has occurred. None the lupus erythematosus, rapid progresss in engineering suggest that human cloning will be dependable in the foreseeable hereafter. This realisation has led to an unprecedented argument about ethical and human rights issues which must be balanced against the more loosely good facets of scientific promotion. An huge sum of people believe that cloning wholly interferes with ethical and human rights. This is slightly due to the fact that cloning in animate beings has non been 100 % effectual. Animals have been cloned before but many of them have had birth defects and short life spans. Dolly the sheep became a scientific esthesis when her birth was announced in 1997. Her comparatively early decease in February 2003 fuels the argument about the moralss of cloning research and the long-run wellness of ringers. [ Science Museum.org ; no name reference ] Although Dolly lived to be an grownup, she was one of 227 efforts to last this long. This showed the inefficiency and complications of cloning. Hundreds, if non 1000s, of efforts are necessary to bring forth merely one feasible ringer. On mean, merely 3 % of efforts win. ( Vergoff:2001 ) The fact that many of the ringers ( produced in an effort to bring forth merely one ringer ) do non populate reflects the ground that people believe cloning is barbarous. Antoher ground that they might believe cloning is innapropriate is because when comparing atomic generated embryos and embryos produced during sexual reproduction, a important figure of the cloned embryos fail where as non so many natural embryos do. Because of this fact, mainstream scientists agree that due to the really low success rates of generative cloning in animate beings, this engineering is non appropriate for application to worlds. The side of the populace that feels human cloning is incorrect is besides against it for grounds other than the ringers non being faithfully functional. Harmonizing to them, cloning worlds is unethical, inhumane and immoral. [ Students for pupils: 2010 ] The procedure is seen as merely copying the indistinguishable cistrons, which means it will diminish the diverseness of cistrons. To set it merely, as a human one is meant to see the differences in others and cloning would extinguish this. Peoples would non be wholly alone. These people besides question the sentiment of some parents. They understand that if a parent has a kid whose kidney s fail, that they would be willing to clone their kid as to donate one of their newly cloned kid s kidney s to their ain kid. However, one could so oppugn whether it would non be unusual to all of a sudden hold two indistinguishable kids. This is where personality is brought to attending. Although human cloning is the procedure by which an exact familial reproduction is made of an person, this does non, needfully, mean the same personality, or individual, would develop. ( Cadena:2007 ) The inquiry that stands is whether the ringer is inferior and different to the general populace or non. Most do non like the thought of cloning as it will divide us into two different groups: worlds and ringers. Aldous Huxley reflects his point of position in his book, Brave New World in a satirical sense. He shows his position of the hereafter with human cloning in a negative manner. The novel is set in London in the old ages that Huxley calls A.F. which stands for after Ford . Henry Ford is the developer of the assembly line technique of mass production and the mass production implies cloning in this sense. At the beginning of the novel, the manager of a Centre called Hatcheries and Conditioning is taking a group of immature pupils on a circuit around one of the labs. He shows them how human existences are custom made and placed into different societal castes which were about similar different cultural groups ( minus the civilization ) . He so leads them to a particular room where the worlds are brain-washed. A common phrase that the brain-washed characters say throughout the novel is Put your weaponries around me Hug me till you drug me, honey Kiss me till I m in a coma. Hug me hone y, snuggly [ Lenina, Chapter 13, pg. 194 ] His novel relates to the argument of cloning as it reflects his thought of a hereafter with human cloning. Although it is satirical and far-fetched, it makes one inquiry cloning as it displays cloning in a negative manner ( all worlds being the same and put into classs ) . The anti-human cloning groups see the hereafter of cloning in a similar mode: dark and one time once more, inhumane. Taking the above concerns into consideration, many people still believe that human cloning is wholly good. This is because there are an unbelievable figure of positive results of human generative cloning. On the igniter, appreance side: Dr. Richard Seed, one of the taking advocates of human cloning engineering, suggests that it may someday be possible to change by reversal the aging procedure because of what is learnt from cloning. Plus, cloning could better decorative processs such a chest implants. This is because with the new technolog, physicians will be able to bring forth things such as fat, bone and cartialage that matches the patients precisely. On the more serious side, scientists may one twenty-four hours be able to handle people that have had bosom onslaughts by cloning their normal bosom cells and puting them in the damaged countries of their bosom, give victims of accidents which cause any parts of their organic structure to go distorted their original face characteris tics back through cloning ( limbs for amputees may be regernerated ) and even give adult females looking for chest augumentations implants the same as their normal tissues in order to forestall them ferom going ailment. On norm, one carries 8 faulty cistrons inside of them which cause them to go ill when they would otherwise stay healthy. With human cloning and its engineering it may be possible to guarantee that we no longer suffer because of our faulty cistrons. [ Smith, S ] Many life endangering unwellnesss such as malignant neoplastic disease, leukimea, kidney failure and liver failure could be taken off due to cloning. Ont op of this, cloning engineering can prove for and perchance even cure familial diseases. Propnents of cloning besides suggest it may function as a intervention for sterility, leting those who can non /can no longer reproduce to go through on cistrons to future coevalss. [ Kolehmainen, Sophie ] A batch of parents think of human generative cloning as a manner of salvaging kids s lives. There are plentifulness of illustrations of what could go on in the hereafter after human generative cloning Begins: If a twosome becomes infertile after holding one kid, they would be able to clone their kid to hold a 2nd 1. Parents besides province that they would happen human cloning benefficial as if they lost their kid in an accident, they could acquire their perfect babe back. ( Smith, S ) The general attitude of this group of people is why non? If a individual can be saved from leukaemia, why would anyone experience the demand to halt this from go oning? Despite this inquiry there is still a argument in which many other factors contribute. An illustration of one of these is faith. Many in the Western states wonder whether ringers would hold a psyche. They besides question whether it is playing God or non if worlds create instead than of course conceive. Many groups have publically disapproved of human generative and human curative cloning. These include spiritual administrations, such as the Catholic Church, who disapprove of these engineerings. [ Werts, D, C: 2002 ] Travel on about ordinance. ( ca nt be extended globally ) Many groups have publically disapproved of human generative and human curative cloning. Ask pa Although there are many negatives to make with human generative cloning, it is expected that it will happen in the hereafter. This is because there are so many bennifits of this cloning environing medical intents. Personally, I worry about what a hereafter with human generative cloning will keep. In my sentiment, I think it would be ideal if, in the hereafter, cell cloning could be used for medical intents merely and non human generative cloning for grounds such as sterility as this would be immoral. However, there is a opportunity that cloning will non go on in the hereafter and this would likely be best. We are worlds and we can non alter the fact that some of us can non hold kids or predict the twenty-four hours we are traveling to decease. This is the manner of life and to me, cloning worlds in this manner does non look right. All in all, the subject holds a argument that will go on for a long period of clip before any determinations are made. etc

Bushs Cold War essays

Bush's Cold War essays For fifty years, the total purpose of American foreign interaction was to stop the spread of Communism. Only the threat of annihilation could prevent the citizens from rolling back into their traditional isolationism. George Washington himself preached that the United States should stay out of European affairs, and his people didnt forget that. Keeping their noses out of Europeans business was like second nature. Unfortunately, the Cold War changed that. If the US wanted to keep its allies democratic, or at least dictatorial, it would have to give them a reason to stay that way. In Eastern Europe, countries were given money and other supplies to keep themselves out of poverty. Impoverished people tend to turn towards Communism. In South America, harsh dictators were supported only because a dictator is not going to let his people turn against him. For the longest time, this plan worked. However, fifty years is a long time. By the time the USSR broke up in 1991, the American people were used to meddling in foreign affairs. Sitting back and funding internal improvements and the economy no longer appealed to the Great Society. As a consequence, the old President Bush defended Kuwait from Iraq, not so much that it was necessary for the United States, but because it seemed right and just. This policy has been imitated in Bosnia, Kosovo, and partially in Iraq (after no Weapons of Mass Destruction were found, Bush tried to turn this into a war to save the Iraqi people). This is not a good trend. If the US continues to meddle in other peoples business, it will make some powerful enemies. The United Nations has already been deeply offended when Bush ignored its demand not to invade Iraq. Being the largest cooperation of democratic nations in the world, the UN is not a group to infuriate. If the European Union decides to shun the US, a crippling amou ...

Colloquial Does Not Have to Equate with Ignorant

Colloquial Does Not Have to Equate with Ignorant Colloquial Does Not Have to Equate with Ignorant Colloquial Does Not Have to Equate with Ignorant By Maeve Maddox Ive written more than one post criticizing non-standard usage on television and will probably write more. A frequent opinion among the wonderful readers who take the time to comment is that I may have unreasonable expectations regarding the use of standard English on television. One recent comment especially gave me pause: the misuse of pronouns is valid because that’s how people speak. It would sound odd to most people’s ears if a ‘normal’ character in a show spoke correctly rather than with the colloquialisms and oddities that have become intrinsic to spoken English. Can this be true? Is there some kind of automatic disconnect between correct speech and colloquial speech? I dont think so. Colloquial speech is informal, but it is not of necessity ungrammatical. Trying to define such terms as colloquialism is always dangerous, especially nowadays when anti-authoritarianism is the dominant philosophy. I think most of us would probably agree with these definitions of colloquialism: an expression considered more appropriate to familiar conversation than to formal speech or to formal writing Websters Unabridged Dictionary [words or expressions] characteristic of or only appropriate for ordinary, familiar or informal conversation rather than formal speech or writing. Wikipedia Its not always easy to distinguish between colloquialisms, regionalisms, and slang. For example: Yall is a common expression in regional dialects, but it can also be considered a colloquialism since it is universally understood by most English speakers. Catch you later may be slang, but if we continue to use it, it will be a colloquialism. Me and my mother went to the cabin that summer is just bad English. We can relax our speech without trashing conventional grammatical structure. I grant you that To whom do you wish to speak? sounds stilted, but My mother and I went to the cabin that summer sounds, wellnormal. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:45 Synonyms for â€Å"Food†Comma Before ButTreatment of Words That Include â€Å"Self†

Strengths, weaknesses and uses of the Economic Value Added Essay

Strengths, weaknesses and uses of the Economic Value Added - Essay Example Economic Value Added (EVA) model also referred to as economic profit refers to the value created above the shareholders investment. Basically, shareholders and other investors are more interested in EVA since it depicts the actual returns that a company makes after the cost of financing the company’s capital is deducted. In order to obtain the economic profits, the cost of capital must be less than the return on the firm’s capital employed. This paper candidly evaluates the uses of Economic Value Added model in a business as well as its strengths and weaknesses.Uses of EVAÃ'ŽEVA is obtained by subtracting the cost of capital from Net Operating Profit After Tax (NOPAT).In this regard, Al Ehrbar (2008) depicts that it is a useful tool for measuring the extent to which value has been lost or added on the business performance. After accounting for the various aspects covered by the balance sheet, EVA indicates the amount of the residual income. There are various factors th at cause an increase of EVA. First, if capital employed does not increase and the NOPAT increases. Secondly, EVA increases if the additional capital invested generates more returns than the cost of capital. EVA can also increase if the capital that was earlier invested in a business is divested if it fails to cover the cost of capital used by a business.

Economics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Economics - Research Paper Example In other words, 1% of people in America controls more than 1/5 th of the total income generate in America. This is a striking fact. The author argues that economic inequality is not all about how much you make — it’s about how much you have (Rampell). For example, it is quite possible that an average American makes substantial money from his profession or business. However it is not necessary that the amount he makes may be sufficient enough for his expenditure if he may have more family members. In other words, an American who has only 3 members in his family and another one who have 5 or 6 members in his family cannot be considered equally with respect to economic equality, even if they earn same income. The followi9ng chart illustrates this argument clearer. (Rampell) From the above chart, it is clear that even though the top 1 percent of earners receive about a fifth of all American income; they hold about a third of American wealth. In other words, the income recei ved and the income controlled by the top 1% is unequal. In fact the top 1% controls more wealth than the actual wealth they received or earned. From the above fact, it is clear that the richest people in America are able to save more than what the average Americans save. The recent recession underlined the above fact. Richest people in America succeeded in escaping from the recent recession without causing many damages to their economic interests whereas the average American suffered a lot because of the recession. In other words, the savings of the average Americans were not adequate enough to meet any unexpected economic catastrophes. Highest earning Americans save more whereas the lowest earning Americans save less. In other words, as time passes, more and more wealth will be controlled by the highest earning people compared to the lowest earning people which is the major reason for economic inequality in America. Along with the increasing economic power, the bargaining power and the influences of the rich people may also increase. In other words, more of the shares of the governmental subsidies, relief packages, rebates etc will come in the hands of the rich people rather than going into the hands of the poor people. For example, President Obama has recently huge stimulus packages to help the people to come out from the economic crisis. However, majority of the shares of these stimulus packages went in the hands of the highest earning people. Wolf (2009) has pointed out that the stimulus plan will strengthen the economy by creating millions of good-paying jobs; deliver tax relief for 95% of workers and invest in America’s future by fixing our communities' roads and bridges, improving our children's education and making America more energy independent (Wolf). However, as per the statistics available, it is quite clear that these stimulus plans failed to generate much impact in the lives of ordinary people. When Obama proposed the 700 billion bailout package to the struggling industries in America, many people have raised their eyebrows. Major share of this huge money was gone into the hands of the private business men. In other words, Obama collected the money from the taxpayer’s pocket and distributed it to the private businessmen. In other words, the rich people became major beneficiaries of these stimulus packages also. Under the above circumstances, Rampell’

The nerve nurses need to start their own businesses Essay

The nerve nurses need to start their own businesses - Essay Example Let start with the statistics. Today, several million of new businesses are launched in the United States each year, and most of them end up being successful (Megginson and Smart, 2008, p.823). What this means is that, since, it is a relatively common practice, one who intends to put up his or her own, will never find a shortage of support. For example, financing may be available such as the so-called angel investors, who are typically locally wealthy business people who can invest $50,000 to over $200,000 in a new business (Megginson and Smart, p. 823). More importantly, however, is the fact that it is easy to navigate the process since there are existing and established norms because business is essentially an established technology, with established tasks, objectives and milestones (p.823). Some successful practitioners manage to take advantage of this condition and avoid risks by starting small and eventually finishing big. Consider a nurse who is currently working in an institut ion. She decides to start a small business that she could conduct while she is working as a nurse. It is more like part time work but it is a start. She sets up a nursing home business by accepting old people in the community who can no longer take care of themselves. She hires an employee and proceeded on charging $150 per day. Since these are adults and not very mobile wards, she is able to accept 6-7 elderly per day, with her staff and her help during her free time. So that would be about $900-1050 per day. The elderly population in her community is quite large, so the business is poised to be popular and expansion, inevitable. The above example demonstrated several of the opportunities and the abilities involved in starting a business. It also depicts how creativity can be rewarded with success. The approach was able to address the financial problem of securing a steady flow of capital with the plan, since the example cited how the nurse began the business while still working. T his is especially important in instances when financial loans are difficult to come by. This is true in the case women. Sometimes being female can be a disadvantage in securing loans (Fielden and Davidson, 2006, p.114). Private practice can also become rewarding since a nurse is in a more position to make a meaningful difference to his or her clients. This is because, in the course of the practice, there is an opportunity to immediately decide on additional services or modifications in service being provided. The following case study demonstrates this best: Mandy, a community pediatric nurse, thought she was selling home care for children. But when she questioned her patients and their families, she found that for the parents of sick children she provided reassurance, a source of reliable information, a shoulder to cry on and a tension diffuser†¦ The response of the patients varied according to their illness. One said, ‘You can change dressing without hurting me very much , and you always tell me a nice story when you come’, while another commented, ‘You make the morning go much quicker and you make sure I

12 Angry Men Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

12 Angry Men - Essay Example rovide an intimate look into the American justice system, complete with its breakdowns, weaknesses and strengths, that has withstood the test of time, holding its own among the classic films of American cinema. Far from the highly colorized, flash and bang of modern cinema, â€Å"12 Angry Men† takes place in a single room and involves 12 ordinary men who are each stereotypical of prevalent societal attitudes at the time of the film’s making, but could as easily be transferred to more modern times, forcing the viewer to focus on the psychological action occurring rather than the latest high-dollar computer graphic imagery or fast-moving car chase scene. The production of this film provides it with an importance different from that of its subject matter, setting an artistic precedence in keeping with the intentions of the director and contributing greatly to the impact of the film in general. Filmed almost exclusively in a bare, 16 by 24 foot real-life jury room, this film nevertheless has an interesting production history that lends it weight and appeal that might otherwise have been lost in today’s movie-making mentality.2 Having started as a television screenplay by Reginald Rose, the project was expanded in 1956 for the cinema at the request of co-producer and star Henry Fonda. Created with a budget of only $350,000, the film did not have much room for enticing special effects, elaborate scenery or extensive on-location filming.3 Instead, it was filmed on site in approximately 17 days in the actual jury room of New York’s courthouse. Although color was available for films in this time period, the use of black and white film worked to reduce costs as well as further highlighting the life and death question that hung in the balance as the main point of the movie. The makers of the film took another almost unheard of approach to the production of this movi e in that they hired Sidney Lumet to direct it, a man who had only directed television programs up

Opportunities and Challenges for Businesses With Globalization Essay

Opportunities and Challenges for Businesses With Globalization - Essay Example Global manufacturing outsourcing has been increasing for several years; it already has been adopted in the apparel, electronics, and automobile industries. The economic benefits have been quantified extensively; and, although sometimes challenged, the financial initial analysis is compelling given the less expensive skilled and unskilled labour costs in countries like China, India, Mexico, and Eastern Europe versus the U.S. If we take Information Technology, it has also gone global. For instance, when it was developing the highly successful iPod, Apple Computer worked with up to 10 firms and independent contractors around the world to find the right ideas and components. Even during the product design and customer requirement definition phases, it used two countries: Japan and the U.S.(5) From the above it can be seen that the globalization helps the organizations to expand its manufacturing and production all over the world, to find out a new business horizon. But these organization s, in fact, face many challenges in their business affairs. Apart from continuous and drastic cost reduction or constant innovation, to effectively tackle these pressures and constraints, and to profit from the opportunities created by globalization, the following implementations/improvements may be helpful. The organizations need to develop new business strategies which combine innovation, research and technology, a highly skilled workforce and their overall operational effectiveness in ways which competitors find hard to copy.

12 Angry Men Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

12 Angry Men - Essay Example rovide an intimate look into the American justice system, complete with its breakdowns, weaknesses and strengths, that has withstood the test of time, holding its own among the classic films of American cinema. Far from the highly colorized, flash and bang of modern cinema, â€Å"12 Angry Men† takes place in a single room and involves 12 ordinary men who are each stereotypical of prevalent societal attitudes at the time of the film’s making, but could as easily be transferred to more modern times, forcing the viewer to focus on the psychological action occurring rather than the latest high-dollar computer graphic imagery or fast-moving car chase scene. The production of this film provides it with an importance different from that of its subject matter, setting an artistic precedence in keeping with the intentions of the director and contributing greatly to the impact of the film in general. Filmed almost exclusively in a bare, 16 by 24 foot real-life jury room, this film nevertheless has an interesting production history that lends it weight and appeal that might otherwise have been lost in today’s movie-making mentality.2 Having started as a television screenplay by Reginald Rose, the project was expanded in 1956 for the cinema at the request of co-producer and star Henry Fonda. Created with a budget of only $350,000, the film did not have much room for enticing special effects, elaborate scenery or extensive on-location filming.3 Instead, it was filmed on site in approximately 17 days in the actual jury room of New York’s courthouse. Although color was available for films in this time period, the use of black and white film worked to reduce costs as well as further highlighting the life and death question that hung in the balance as the main point of the movie. The makers of the film took another almost unheard of approach to the production of this movi e in that they hired Sidney Lumet to direct it, a man who had only directed television programs up

World Politics Trend and Transformation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

World Politics Trend and Transformation - Essay Example Waltz on expressing his neorealist conceptualization of the determinants of international behavior claims: "international structure emerges from the interaction of states and then constrains them from taking certain actions while propelling them toward others"1. The analysis of modern economic and integration processes occurring in it allows to allocate two basic tendencies. One of them is quantitative growth of the countries incorporated in the various international economic unions and other international economic alliances that is the evidence of increase of globalization of economy. The other tendency is continuous perfection of forms and methods of realization of world economic integration that speaks about deep qualitative changes occurring in this process. At the present stage the international economic integration has reached global scales. Globalization of economy represents the maximum form of the international economic integration. ...ic integration have had only one form of its realization - the international trade, the stage of globalization alongside with it assumes moving of labor, capital, scientific and technical knowledge, and information in planetary scale. Thus, at a stage of globalization the international economic integration gets not only more significant quantitative characteristics, but also new more developed forms. Globalization is a complex and developing process, which present stage represents only its initial level of development. Today within the limits of globalization there is a formation and organization of the international economic alliances, and alongside with it is creation of the international (transnational) corporations and financial centers. Let us try to summarize the reasons for the rapid development of integration processes in economy on a boundary the 20th and 21st centuries. From a number of the reasons and factors it is possible to allocate three core reasons: 1. The amplified competitive struggle caused by essential growth of scales of manufacture compels business to "cross" its national borders in searches of the best conditions of activity. 2. The favorable political circumstances, which have developed in second half 20th century: the disintegration of the colonial system, which have caused necessity of an establishment in the world of the new economic order, and the termination of Cold War, the period of opposition of two social and economic systems, allowed to consolidate the world community and to consider the world as complete system. Â  

Rulers That Followed the Prince by Machiavelli Essay Example for Free

Rulers That Followed the Prince by Machiavelli Essay Niccolà ² Machiavelli suggested in The Prince that a ruler should behave as both a fox and a lion, being both loved and feared. There are clever rulers who were strategic, courageous rulers who were effective, and successful rulers who possessed both qualities. Elizabeth I of England and Henery IV of France were two great rulers from Europe that were able to personify Machiavellis advice. Elizabeth I of England was able to act as a fox by preventing England from being torn apart over matters of religion. By repealing The Catholic Legislation of Mary Tudors reign, she was able to make the New Act of Supremacy which dsignated her as the supreme govenor of spritual and temporal affairs. Also she restored the church service of the Book of Common Prayer, but was clever enough to make some revisions to make it more acceptable for Catholics. With keeping her subjects out conflict, she also made sure that her power within England remained preserved. She didnt marry anyone, because if she did, the real power would then belong to the king. Maintaining her power outside England ment keeping Spain under control. The Sea Beggars were an international group of anti-Spain pirates. Elizabeth made a secret alliance with the Sea Beggars, and sent them to the Netherlands to fight the Spainish. To make sure she was exempt from international problems because of her tie with the Sea Beggars, she immediately diassociated England from the doings of the Sea Begggars. With doing clever and sniky things to maintain Englands power, she added courageous things to her list of accomplishements. One of her greatest challenges was her cousin, Queen Mary of Scots. Being that she was next in line to the English throne, Mary was a huge threath to Elizabeths power. After fleeing from Scotland to England, she was put under house arrest by Elizabeth. In 1587, Mary was finally excuted after being caught in a plot to over throw Elizabeth. This direct action kept Elizabeth out of threat within England. But the execution of Mary, sparked a Spanish Armada invasion in England. Under the guidances of Elizabeth, the swift English ships were able to batter out Spanish and be victorious. Elizabeth showed much leadership and strength in defeating the Spanish. She heeded Machiavellis advice and was able to drive England towards a prosporous Golden Age of wealth and power. Henry IV of France was able to act as a fox by evaluating what mattered more to him. When Henry converted to Catholosism out of being a Hugenot during the Saint Bartholomews Day Massacre, it was clear that he valued his own life over religion. Even when he coverted back to Calvinism afterwards, he soon relized his valued of being in power over religion would cause him to convert, once again, back into Catholism. â€Å"Paris is worth a Mass, he said as he gave into the Roman Catholic Church for the leadership of France. This value of state over religion made him a politique, believing that no religious truth was worth the ravages of cicil war. He kept France from futher civil war by issuing the Edict of Nantes which acknowledged Catholicism as th official religion of France but guaranteed the Hugenots the rights to worship. He was wise to recognize that tolerance can help establish peace in his nation and also to convert to Cathalosism because of their bigger population in France. Along with being able to weigh out which decisions would help maintain a peaceful France, he was also able to roll in more power for himself. Appionting The Duke of Sully as his finance minister was a major step in gaining power and wealth. Sully reformed the tax collection system to make it more equitable and efficient, improved transportation, stimulated trade and industry, and fostered prosperity. These economic improvment gave Henry power. With his power under stable condition, Henry looked to forgien affairs. Henry saw the Religious Wars as an opportunity to divide up the Holy Roman Empire so he attacked, but since he was a politique he battled over politics and not religion. Though he instilled fear in his subject, he was able to gain the popularity of people because of his informal dress and a strong wit and charm. He had many things to take care of in and out of France, however, he took this bold move because knew his power would remain if people liked him. By Elizabeths creation of the Act of Supremacy and Act of Uniformity, her refusal of marriage, her secret alliance with the Sea Beggars, her execution of Mary, and her victory over the Spanish Armada, she was able to bring England to a Golden Age. By Henrys adoption of the Edict of Nantes, appointing of The Duke of Sully, munipilzing the Religious Wars to his needs, and being friendly with his subjects, Henry was able to secure France as a power in Europe. By following the advice of Machiavelli, Elizabeth I of England and Henry IV of France were able to strengthen their countries, with Elizabeth being a little better at it than Henry.

Disposal Issues And Solutions Of Electronic Waste Environmental Sciences Essay

Disposal Issues And Solutions Of Electronic Waste Environmental Sciences Essay Electronic waste E-waste is the result of obsolete electronic devices such as computers and mobile phones. E-waste isneeds to be distinct from other forms of industrial waste chemically and physically; it contains both valuable and hazardous materials and causes harm to environment and human health whenwithout the use of special handling and recycling method are not used (Robinson 2009, p.184). Rapid changes in technology, poor coordination between new software and existing hardware, and the expenseiveness offor reusinge or recycling result in a large amount of e-waste annually. These electrical obsoletes are either landfilled, or exported from rich countries to poor countries (Robinson 2009, p.184). Since at least 2002, cases of unmanaged disassembly and recycling e-waste in developing countries have been reported (Gibson 2006, p.323).This will lead to not only detrimental effect on workers in e-waste receiver countries but environmental contamination, and may adversely impact human health risk. Thus, issues stemming from e-waste are considered as a global transactional issue amongst producers, consumers in rich countries and e-waste receiver countries in poor countries., These which may require international policies or supports by governments and organisations. Design for the environment in products (Amos, Deathe, MacDonald Amos 2008, p.322), e-waste take-back (Xu 2008, pp.1-3) or other municipal and organisational policies have addressed the issues as environmentally friendly approaches. This will enable consumers to reduce, reuse and recycle more greater and perhaps will perhaps lead to more environmentally friendly operating procedures. The purpose of this report is to describe issues of e-waste, analysis of the problems, some approaches for producers and e-waste receivers in order to deal with the issues along with organisations and government policies. 2. Growth of e-waste asand a global transactional issue 2.1. The growth of e-waste Technological advents in the electronics industry and the short life-cycle ofin products have been generating enormous amount of electronic wastes (e-waste). Consumers accept the benefit of technological innovations and a. A gGrowing volume of waste electronic equipments are generated as consumers continue to upgrade and replace obsolete, broken devices everyin a few years. The total global e-waste production iswas estimated to be 20-25 million tonnes per year, with most e-waste being produced in Europe, the United States and Australia (Robinson 2009, p.183). According to the U.S. General Accounting Office, over 100 million computers, monitors, and televisions are becoming obsolete each year. Most estimate say that 20 million computers and televisions become obsolete annually, and less than 6 % are being recycled (Gibson 2006, p.322). As a result, the total global production of e-waste has continued to increase considerably, and most e-waste is currently landfilled or exported to dev eloping countries for recycling. Rapid technological evolution in electronic products and competitive electronic marketplaces means more consumers in rich countries are generating large amount of waste equipments, much of which is still operational. Robinson (2009, p.185) states that the total number of computers and other potential possible e-waste devices is potently correlated with the country ¿Ã‚ ½fs GDP, and consequently, he predicts Eastern Europe, Latin America and China will become major e-waste producers in the next 10 years. The concern over e-waste is not only the amount produced but also the toxic footprint involved in the course of the disposal disassembly and destruction of the equipments. Unlike other waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) such as washing machines and refrigerators, e-waste contains potential environmental contaminants (Robinson 2009, p.185). Clearly, it is necessary to take effective actions to address the exponential e-waste production and the concentration of environmental contaminants associated with e-waste, taking into account recycle and reuse. 2.2. E-waste producers and consumers ¿Ã‚ ½f dilemma The shorter lifespan ofin electronic products means that consumers continue to purchase or replace a product within a few years, and the design of a product is often incompatible between new software and existing hardware. A replacement frequency of computers or cell phones is 2-3 year in 2005, which was dropped from 4-6 years in 1997 (Cairns 2005, p.238; Robinson 2009, p.185). Cairns (2005, p.237) argues that current product design features and changes in technology and wireless services often cause users to necessitate frequent replacements of operational electronics equipment. Many software or hardware companies usually set an end-of-support policy in their products so that it will encourage their potential customers to migrate old version of their products to new ones, which makes it difficult for customer to keep old ones. Therefore, consumers are pressured into replacing their products regardless of their inclinations. According to Huang (2009, pp.115-116), the development process of information systems which have been used for decades, is divided into five stages; planning or investigation, analysis, design, implementation, and maintenance. Many of the current electronics have a lack of the concept of sustainability in each stage. For example, the battery of some MP3 players or mobile phones requires intricate disassembly. It is often cheaper to consider the purchase of a new one instead of sending it to a customer support for the replacement. This will in turn lead to create the customers ¿Ã‚ ½f dilemma to use out-dated electronic items. It is essential for producers to listen to customers ¿Ã‚ ½f voices and design their products to meetting the demands including a sustainable life-cycle. This will enable customers with enough information, less costly for reuse and recycle, and technical support to encourage and facilitate product upgrades and repairs. ? 3. Impacts of e-waste 3.1. E-waste receiver countries Most electronic equipment that fulfils its lifespan by product strategies or faults is discarded without being recycled or reused. However, substantial quantity of the obsolete electronics is exported to developing countries, especially to China, after India, Pakistan, Vietnam, the Philippines, Malaysia, Nigeria and Ghana for recycling or disposal (Puckett el al. 2005, cited in Robinson 2009, p.187; Cairns 2005, p.241). It is reported that some 70% of all exported e-waste is delivered to China (Liu et al. 2006, cited in Robinson 2009, p187). Although some exported electronic devices might be used for some time, most of them will be disassembled and landfilled due to inability to cope with the increasing e-waste globally. In e-waste receiver countries, operations for the disassembly may be primitive and landfills may be poorly managed. The process of mechanical separation of component contains smelter, reclamation and burn, and can be automated or carried out by hand burn (Cairns 2005, p.241; Robinson 2009, p.187). Since an electronic device consists of many components and most products are hardly considered the disassembly process in their designs, the workers in the receiver countries may work in their own way without enough information for the dismantlement processes. These processes may contain an environmental hazardous. 3.2. Environmental issue Many e-waste contaminants may be involved in the process of the dismantlement without the use of special handling or tools. Most developing nations have more relaxed environmental regulations, especially in China, India, and Pakistan (Ruth 2009, p.75). The loose regulations for the e-waste dismantlement can lead to insurmountable environmental problems within the e-waste receiver countries. For example, villagers and workers who engage in the de-assembling process use environmentally unfriendly techniques including the open-air burning and wastewater discharge at the factories (Robinson 2009, p.188). A result of the dumping, burning hazardous chemicals and the wastewater disposal of e-waste will cause a variety of environmental problems such as water, air and soil contaminations. E-waste that contains some base materials or valuable components may be environmentally important, while these devices may contain high concentrations of flame retardants and heavy metals (Cairns 2005, p.241). The e-waste contaminants bring an adverse effect on an aquatic ecosystem. Many studies discover the fact that higher rate of hazardous elements in the livers or creatures such as waterfowl is found in the downstream areas from e-waste recycling factories and towns (Robinson 2009, p.188). Combustion of e-waste by melting plastic or burning invaluable metals has resulted in concentrations of toxic percentage in aerial samples from areas near the e-waste recycling workshops (Robinson 2009, p.188). Soils are also contaminated in e-waste sites where acid leaching was used to recover valuable metals (Gibson 2006, p.323; Robinson 2009, p.188). Uncontrolled burning, disassembly and disposal processes of e-waste in the receiver countries can have a horrific deterioration on ecosystem such as groundwater contamination, air pollution, or even water pollution not only within the e-waste disassembly areas but other areas and neighbouring countries. 3.3. Human health A lack of adequate facilities for recycling with primitive techniques may involve significant risk to the workers as well. The workers in most villages currently use unsafe primitive techniques without goggles, masks or gloves, which have adverse effects on the workers (Robinson 2009, p.188). The primary route of exposure to a toxic chemical is spread into the air via dust, and contaminated dust is found in human breast milk (Dealthe, MacDonald Amos 2008, p.321). Consequently, it is difficult to minimise the expanding damage caused by e-waste. The flux of electronic products that generates in rich countries and exported to poor countries may contain many serious transactional issues in some cases. Foods or products imported from the e-waste receiver countries, where are environmentally deteriorated may also threaten human health. For instance, children ¿Ã‚ ½fs toys, imported from China, are reported to have elevated rates of toxic elements (Chen et al. 2009, cited in Robinson 2009, p.189). The content of detrimental substance is collected in the ground and surface-waters, agricultural soils, rice, egg, fish and eventually humans (Robinson 2009, p.189). Hence, the contaminant implicated in e-waste is not only the issue within the e-waste receiver countries but ultimately to humans in other countries. 4. E-waste solutions 4.1. Organisation and government policies Problem of most electronic products currently is a lack of the concept for reuse and recycle in their products. Producers should focus on creating reusable products and provide a rule of e-waste take-back at the obsoleteness. There are several ongoing projects to create environmentally-friendly electronic products and recycle policies in several States in the US, Canada and EU countries. These challenges encourage product makers to design for remanufacturing in order to minimise disposal of harmful components of electrical equipment, share design information, and protect against negative health and environmental impacts along with organisations and governments policies. 4.2. Deposit fees for recycling and guidelines It is important to raise capital in order to introduce and continue with the recycling approaches. However, the cost of electronic products generally does not include extra fees for e-waste collectors and recyclers (Deathe, MacDonald Amos 2008, p.327). In California, consumers pay fees when they purchase a certain type of electronic devices so that the budgets will be used for managing these devices (Gibson 2006, p.324). Similarly, a Statewide Computer Recycling Pilot Program in Maryland requires computer manufactures to submit fee for the state recycling (Gibson 2006, p.328). In addition to the recycling fee, it is necessary to be implemented guidelines and legislation in order to manage or define hazardous substances in electronics. Several states in the U.S. , Canada and EU countries set disposal guidelines or regulations, and have banned the sale of certain electronic devices that contain specific hazardous materials (Gibson 2006, p.324; Deathe, MacDonald Amos 2008, p.329). 4.3. Design for Environment For producers, it is also crucial to review the design of their products more environmentally-friendly to create recyclable and reusable products. To do so, it will be necessary to determine guidelines or policies in order to standardise the implementations. The International Standards Organisation has standardised the implementation of design for environment and instruct producers to create a roadmap of product design in order to minimise environmental issues (Deathe, MacDonald Amos 2008, p.322). Huang (2009, p.116-119) proposes Sustainable Systems Development Lifecycle (SSDLC) that on each stage of product developments; Planning, Analysis, Design, Implementation, Maintenance and Disposal, producers should consider sustainability for the products. With regard to new products, these policies and regulations will protect against negative health and environmental impacts. For existing waste, for instance, the EU WEEE Directive requires for producers to be assigned financial responsibi lity based on their current market share (Deathe, MacDonald Amos 2008, p.326). These will reduce a product ¿Ã‚ ½fs hazardous footprint. 4.4. Producer Take-Back Programmes Another approach for producers is e-waste take-back programmes. Products are taken back to the producers or take-back disassembly centres to disassemble safely (Xu 2008, p.1). Since electronic devices are made intricately, it must be difficult and unhealthy for the workers to break down the parts in e-waste receiver countries where there is little knowledge of disassembly. Instead of e-waste being exported to developing countries, it would be environmentally effective to take-back the e-waste within the producer countries. The use of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) for each electronic will be easier to track the process of e-waste take-back when they are obsolete (Xu 2008, p.1). If the products still can be used then they can be transported to second-hand makers for sale while there is no value (Xu 2008, p.2). Hewlett-Packard, Dell and Apple have already introduced their own take-back programmes in Canada (Deathe, MacDonald Amos 2008, p.322). RFID also provides excessive range of information on their products. 5. Conclusions ?

Its Time to Put an End to Junk Mail :: Postal Service Letters Essays

It's Time to Put an End to Junk Mail It is another Wednesday morning, and I am again sitting at the front desk of my dormitory at 9 am. The US Postal Service just delivered today's mail, and the other Wednesday-morning deskworker and I are preparing to search for names, check mailbox numbers, sort the mail, and place it into mailboxes. I hate working the mail shift, but I do it because I get paid nine dollars an hour for relatively brainless work. Even though I lose a few hours of sleep, I get some good laughs and entertainment in return, especially on a day like today when an array of catalogs stocks two entire mail bins. After three years at this job, I continue to be amazed at both the number of catalogs certain people receive and the type of items that can be acquired through a catalog. Take, for example, Resident Jane Doe, who gets J. Crew, L.L. Bean, Ann Taylor, Victoria's Secret, Pottery Barn, Bed & Bath and Beyond, and Staples catalogs, each of which arrive on average once per month. Residents like Jane Doe are notorious amongst deskworkers for the volume of mail they receive, and their room numbers are firmly imprinted on our brains because we have looked them up so many times. I can always tell when residents like Jane Doe have been away for a long weekend, because their mailboxes become so packed that they cannot hold even one additional piece of mail. Of course, 80% of the mail in her mailbox consists of catalogs and other junk mail. The companies themselves contribute greatly to the number of catalogs these residents receive. Jane Doe probably purchased one item from J. Crew through mail order or at a J. Crew store, and as a result, she will always receive catalogs from J. Crew at this address, even after she has moved away from this dorm. Furthermore, the fact that she receives other clothing catalogs may also be attributed to this one purchase. Since it's already almost two months into the semester, I do not mind this never-ending stream of catalogs as much because I can generally identify the residents who do not reside in my dorm building anymore and can quickly sort through their mail.

Living Together Before Marriage Essay

It is known that one out of two marriages will end in divorce. According to Dr. Harley, in â€Å"Living together before Marriage†, eighty-five percent of the divorced couples were cohabitating before marriage, otherwise known as: living together. With these kinds of statistics, why would people want to live together before they get married? It’s a perfectly logical question, with a perfectly logical explanation. Couples naturally want to know each other before they take the big plunge. Some may say, â€Å"You have to try it before you buy it†. It leads a very good point: couples should know each other before they vow to spend the rest of their lives with one another. However, it’s been proven to be more harmful than helpful to a relationship, because of the habits that are inevitably created. Whether they are good or bad, habits are hard to break and may cause problems throughout a lifetime. Cohabiting is a month-to-month agreement, says Harley, theoretically saying there is always an easy way out. People believe if things get too tough it’s easier to separate rather than divorce. Yes, this is true, but what happens when the couple decides to get married? Now, they’ve transformed their minds to be weak, to give up when the going gets tough, and to leave when things aren’t working out. That is why living together before marriage is harmful. On the other hand, married couples who have not cohabitated together have a different perspective on things, and it is easier to make decisions based on what is good for the marriage and not just for themselves. This is because they go into the marriage believing it is for life, and not a month-to-month agreement. Marriage can be tricky because the decisions that are made are no longer for yourself, they are for the good of the marriage. Cohabitating before marriage is the very source that diminishes the meaning of marriage: oneness. A marriage is when two become one, a reading from the book, One Flame. Couples who live together before marriage have a hard time understanding the concept of oneness. There is a definite single mindedness, â€Å"My problem is my problem and your problem is your problem!† Why change the current agreement, if it works? By not changing the agreement, hypothetically you’re not truly married. All of the stages are there, but they are not connected spiritually, which is the very reason couples get  married or should get married to begin with. Another reason why cohabitating can be dangerous is the slight chance the woman may become pregnant. A report from Combating Out-Of-Wedlock Births says, that â€Å"one in three children are born out-of-wedlock.† Having a child out-of-wedlock is still considered socially unacceptable. If a pregnancy were to occur, then the couple may feel obligated to get married, if not for themselves for their child. The couple may not be ready, but they have been placed in a situation where they were rushed. A marriage out of convenience or inconvenience is never a good one, the marriage is contaminated and doomed before it starts. Perhaps the most detrimental and permanent negative effects from couples living together are placed on their children. Children born out-of-wedlock are often subjected to unstable environments. Obviously their parents have their reasons why not to marry, like the old saying, â€Å"You can’t live with them and you can’t live without them!† Consequently the children are the ones who suffer, their life is forever altered. Glenn T. Stanton states in Cohabitation and Children, â€Å"For those children living with both unmarried parents, three quarters of these children will see their parents break up before they reach the age of sixteen.† The quality of life for these children is often poor, and their parents usually are of low financial standings. There is a significant increase in poverty for cohabitating parents. â€Å"The poverty rate for children with married parents is about 6%, while it is about 31% for children living with cohabiting parents†, sa ys Stanton. Cohabitating before marriage can be dangerous, however, there are a few precautions that may be taken to avoid problems in the future. If cohabitation is inevitable before marriage, then the couple should at least be engaged. This way they have announced their marriage and are committed to a date. The perspective is very similar to a real marriage, it enables you to make decisions together and has a sense of oneness. These precautions may be useful, but there’s nothing that can substitute for the real thing. Marriage alters the mind, and what once was fake now is real. Marriage is a  life-long commitment and should to be treated with a great deal of respect. Cohabitating before marriage is proven to be extremely risky. Avoiding cohabitation may not only save a marriage, but may also increase your marriages overall lifestyle.

Thrasymachus’ Views on Justice

The position Thrasymachus takes on the definition of justice, as well as its importance in society, is one far differing from the opinions of the other interlocutors in the first book of Plato’s Republic. Embracing his role as a Sophist in Athenian society, Thrasymachus sets out to aggressively dispute Socrates’ opinion that justice is a beneficial and valuable aspect of life and the ideal society. Throughout the course of the dialogue, Thrasymachus formulates three major assertions regarding justice. These claims include his opinion that â€Å"justice is nothing other than the advantage of the stronger,† â€Å"it is just to obey the rulers,† and â€Å"justice is really the good of another [†¦] and harmful to the one who obeys and serves. † Socrates continuously challenges these claims using what is now known as the â€Å"Socratic method† of questioning, while Thrasymachus works to defend his views. This paper seeks to argue the implausibility of Thrasymachus’ views through an analysis of his main claims regarding justice, as well as his view that injustice brings greater happiness. In Book I of Republic, Socrates attempts to define justice with the help of his friends and acquaintances. After a number of suggestions prove false or insufficient, Thrasymachus tries his hand to define the term, convinced that his definition rings true. Thrasymachus begins in stating, â€Å"justice is nothing other than the advantage of the stronger,1† and after prodding, explains what he means by this. Thrasymachus believes that the stronger rule society, therefore, creating laws and defining to the many what should be considered just. He pertains, however, that the stronger create said laws for their own benefit and therefore in acting justly, the ruled are performing for the rulers benefit and not their own. This argument is not feasible for a variety of reasons. One of the key characteristics of justice is fairness, which can also be defined as being reasonable or impartial. 5 Impartiality means that you do not favour one side over another6, and therefore implies that if one were to act justly and therefore impartially, they would not act in a way to benefit only a select few. Furthermore, justice in its true form cannot be used solely for the advantage of the stronger without the masses acknowledging the injustices being imposed upon them, as Thrasymachus suggests is the case. For justice is one of the many characteristics of morality, which is considered to be intrinsic based on an inner conviction. 7 Therefore, if the many were acting against said inner conviction wholly for the benefit of the stronger, would they not experience a natural feeling of injustice? This argument alike can be used to refute another of Thrasymachus’ primary claims that â€Å"justice is really the good of another [†¦] and harmful to the one who obeys and serves. †3 In addition to his definition, Thrasymachus argues the value of justice as a human or societal characteristic, claiming that injustice is far more beneficial to the individual. Thrasymachus asserts that tyranny: makes the doer of injustice happiest and the sufferers of it, who are unwilling to do injustice, most wretched. †¦] injustice, if it is on a large enough scale, is stronger, freer, and more masterly than justice. 5 To decide whether an unjust man finds more happiness than a just man does, one must understand the true meaning of the word. The dictionary defines happiness as â€Å"characterized by pleasure, contentment, or joy. †8 Thrasymachus typifies the unjust man as someone who is constantly seeking self-fulfillment, pleasing their desires no matter what the cost to others. It is in their nature to never be satisfied with what they have, and therefore it is unlikely that the unjust man could ever experience true contentment. In contrast, the just man is content upholding laws and acting for the greater good and is therefore capable of experiencing a greater happiness than one who partakes in injustices. The dictionary goes on to state that happiness can also be defined as â€Å"feeling satisfied that something is right or has been done right. 8 Thus, an unjust man could never truly be happy, as they are aware of the injustices they have committed unto others in order to benefit themselves. In addition, if one is to look to the cardinal virtues, not only is justice itself included, temperance is as well. Temperance, meaning â€Å"restraint in the face of temptation or desire†9 is not a characteristic of an unjust man. In fact, Thrasymachus argues that one should always seek to fulfill their own desires exercising injustice as a way to do so. Virtue is said to be a measure of one’s worth, therefore, in turning their back on it, an unjust man could never be as self fulfilled and happy as a virtuous one. The first book of Republic illustrates a diverse range of views in reference to the definition of justice. None, however, evokes such controversy and analysis as Thrasymachus’ dialogue. His point of view calls to the forefront a number of important questions regarding the issue, and is an essential piece to Plato’s puzzle of defining justice. Thrasymachus’s arguments in and of themselves, however, are implausible as discussed above. Not only does his claim that â€Å"justice is nothing other than the advantage of the stronger,†1 go against morality and assume the masses naive, but his attempt to prove that the unjust man is happier than the just man is insufficient and untrue. Works Cited Encarta World English Dictionary. 2004 Plato. The Republic. Translated by G. M. A. Grube. Revised by C. D. C. Reeve. Indianapolis/Cambridge: Hackett Publishing Company. 1992. 382c